Clinical Depression

Clinical depression, also known as major depressive disorder (MDD), is a serious mood disorder that impacts how a person feels, thinks, and handles daily activities. It’s characterized by persistent feelings of sadness, hopelessness, and a lack of interest or pleasure in almost all activities. The symptoms must last for at least two weeks for a diagnosis.

Symptoms of Clinical Depression:

 • Persistent sad, anxious, or “empty” mood
 • Feelings of hopelessness or pessimism
 • Irritability
 • Feelings of guilt, worthlessness, or helplessness
 • Loss of interest in hobbies or activities
 • Decreased energy or fatigue
 • Difficulty concentrating, remembering, or making decisions
 • Insomnia or sleeping too much
 • Appetite and weight changes
 • Thoughts of death or suicide

Causes of Clinical Depression:

Depression has multiple causes, which can be a combination of genetic, biological, environmental, and psychological factors. These include:

 • Biochemistry: Imbalances in neurotransmitters (such as serotonin, norepinephrine, or dopamine).
 • Genetics: Family history of depression can increase the risk.
 • Personality: Those with low self-esteem or who are prone to stress may be at higher risk.
 • Environmental factors: Exposure to violence, neglect, abuse, or poverty.

Treatment for Clinical Depression:

Treatment typically involves a combination of therapies:

 1. Psychotherapy: Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) and interpersonal therapy (IPT) are common.
 2. Medication: Antidepressants such as SSRIs (Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors), SNRIs, or atypical antidepressants.
 3. Lifestyle changes: Regular exercise, a balanced diet, and adequate sleep can improve symptoms.
 4. Support: Support groups, family support, and close relationships play a key role.
 
Managing depression often requires long-term treatment to maintain remission and prevent relapse.